DOI : https://doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v10i3.1398

Synthesis and Characterization of Rigid Polyurethane Foam from Palm Oil-Derived Oleic Acid Polyol via Open Molding Process

Naufal Dzikri Musyaffa (1), Aldhila Ardalia Nella Angga (2), Suprihatin Suprihatin (3), Ketut Sumada (4), Sani Sani (5)
(1) Department of Chemical Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemical Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemical Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemical Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (AJARCDE) :
Musyaffa, N. D., Angga, A. A. N., Suprihatin, S., Sumada, K., & Sani, S. (2026). Synthesis and Characterization of Rigid Polyurethane Foam from Palm Oil-Derived Oleic Acid Polyol via Open Molding Process. AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment), 10(3), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v10i3.1398
Citation Format :

Oleic acid derived from palm oil contains a carbon–carbon double bond that can be converted into a polyol through epoxidation and hydroxylation, making it a promising renewable feedstock for rigid polyurethane foam. Polyurethane was synthesized by an open molding process, varying toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) volumes from 10 to 30 mL each. The resulting polyol was a clear, pale-yellow liquid with a density of 0.9363 g/cm³, a viscosity of 14.03 cSt, a pH of 5.22, an acid value of 174.8 mg KOH/g and a hydroxyl value of 180.7 mg KOH/g. Increasing TDI volume decreased foam density due to exothermic CO? generation but increased compressive strength through higher crosslink density, whereas increasing PEG-400 linearly increased density but lowered compressive strength at high TDI levels, as PEG-400 acts as a soft-segment former. The optimum formulation, satisfying ASTM F1839 Grade 5, was Polyol : TDI : PEG-400 = 10 : 30 : 15 mL, giving a density of 0.0743 g/cm³ and a compressive strength of 0.7089 MPa. SEM showed a predominantly closed-cell structure, and FTIR confirmed urethane-bond formation (N–H, C=O, C–O). These results show that palm-oil-derived oleic acid is a feasible renewable feedstock for bio-based rigid polyurethane foam, supporting SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).


Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
SDG 9  : Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
SDG 13: Climate Action


[1] Fevriera, S., & Devi, F. S. (2023). Analisis Produksi Kelapa Sawit Indonesia: Pendekatan Mikro dan Makro Ekonomi. Transformatif, 12(1), 1-16.

[2] Nasori, A. S., Wiguna, B., Mufti, A., Laksono, H., Budiyanto, Kusumasmarawati, A. D., & Untoro, M. (2023). Pemanfaatan Palm Fatty Acid Distillate sebagai Sumber Asam Oleat: Diversifikasi Produk Samping Minyak Kelapa Sawit sebagai Produk Antara untuk Industri Hilir. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 33(2), 181-187.

[3] La Ifa, Z. S. (2006). Pembuatan Polyol (9,10 Asam Dihydroxy Stearat) dari Asam Oleat Menggunakan Asam Peroksi Formiat.

[4] Maisaroh, B. R. (2016). Sintesis Asam 9,10-Dihidroksi Stearat (DHSA) melalui Hidrolisa Epoksida dari Oksidasi Asam Oleat dengan Asam Performat. Reaktor, 16(2), 57-64.

[5] Estin Nofiyanti, G. A. (2018). Proses Konversi Minyak Goreng Bekas Menjadi Poliol sebagai Bahan Baku Busa Poliuretan. Jurnal Kovalen, 4(2), 221-227.

[6] Zaimahwati. (2018). Poliuretan Berbasis Minyak Jarak dengan Penambahan Montmorillonit Meningkatkan Sifat Adhesiv. Proceeding Seminar Nasional Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, 2(1), 156-159.

[7] Suhendra, A. S. (2013). Sintesis Poliuretan dari Asam Lemak Teroksidasi Minyak Inti Buah Nyamplung melalui Proses Polimerisasi Menggunakan Toluen Diisosianat. Jurnal Chemistry Progress, 6(2), 62-69.

[8] Arniza, M. Z., Hoong, S. S., Idris, Z., Yeong, S. K., Hassan, H. A., Din, A. K., & Choo, Y. M. (2015). Synthesis of Transesterified Palm Olein-Based Polyol and Rigid Polyurethanes from this Polyol. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 92, 243-255.

[9] Sudirman, Y. E. (2019). Sintesis Busa Rigid Poliuretan dari Poliol Trigliserida Minyak Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum). Orbital Chemistry Journal, 1(1), 34-42.

[10] Nofiyanti, E. M. (2018). Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Busa Poliuretan dari Minyak Goreng Bekas dan Toluen Diisosianat dengan Penambahan PEG-400. CHEESA: Chemical Engineering Research Articles, 1(1), 21-25.

[11] La Ifa, N. N. (2018). Pembuatan Bahan Polimer dari Minyak Sawit. Makassar: Penerbit Nas Media Pustaka.

[12] Sutiani, A., & Bidza, K. R. (2013). Pengaruh Variasi Komposisi Gliserol, PEG 1000 dan MDI terhadap Sifat Mekanik Perekat Poliuretan. Prosiding Semirata FMIPA Universitas Lampung, 1(1), 23-28.

[13] Chemical, D. (2026). VORANOL CP 450 Polyol. Dow Chemical Company.

[14] Agency, U. E. (2011). Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Related Compounds Action Plan [RIN 2070-ZA14]. Canada: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

[15] Said, M. S. (2017). Sintesis Senyawa Poliol melalui Reaksi Hidroksilasi Senyawa Epoksi Minyak Jagung. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 23(3), 183-190.

[16] Rohaeti, E., & Surdia, N. (2003). Pengaruh Variasi Berat Molekul Polietilen Glikol terhadap Sifat Mekanik Poliuretan. Jurnal Matematika dan Sains, 8(2), 63-66.

[17] Akindoyo, J. O., Beg, M. D., Ghazali, S., Islam, M. R., Jeyaratnam, N., & Yuvaraj, A. R. (2016). Polyurethane Types, Synthesis and Applications - A Review. RSC Advances, 6(115), 1-10.

[18] Neswati, N. S. (2019). Sintesis, Karakterisasi dan Modifikasi Busa Poliuretan Fleksibel Berbahan Baku Biopoliol Berbasiskan Minyak Kelapa Sawit dan Minyak Nabati Lainnya: Sebuah Review. Jurnal Agroindustri, 9(2), 66-82.

[19] Oktariani, E., & Sari, L. R. (2021). Potensi Zeolit Alam dalam Meningkatkan Sifat Termal Busa Poliuretan. Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen, 19(2), 107-112.

[20] Setyanto, D. (2014). Characterization and Evaluation of Sheet Molding Compound Roof Tiles. Procedia Engineering, 95, 498-503.

[21] F1839. (2009). Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopaedic Devices and Instruments. ASTM.

[22] Beres, A., & Yildiz, Y. (2023). A Comparative Study of the Hydroxyl Value and Iodine Value in Polyoxyl Stearyl Ether in United States Pharmacopeia Specifications. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 14(9), 410-419.

[23] D1622, A. (2020). Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular Plastics. ASTM.

[24] D1621. (2012). Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Cellular Plastics. ASTM.

[25] E986. (2024). Standard Practice for Scanning Electron Microscope Beam Size Characterization. ASTM.

[26] Tsaniyah, N. A., & Baruji, T. (2008). Pengaruh Rasio TDI/Polyol Minyak Goreng Bekas dan Penambahan Ethylene Glycol terhadap Kuat Tekan Polyurethane. Teknik Kimia Universitas Diponegoro.

[27] Sari, N. W., & Fajri, M. (2018). Analisis Fitokimia dan Gugus Fungsi dari Ekstrak Etanol Pisang Goroho Merah (Musa acuminate (L)). IJOBB, 2(1), 30-34.

[28] Murniati, Gunawan, E. R., Suhendra, D., Asnawati, D., & Qurba, P. (2022). Sintesis Senyawa-Senyawa Epoksi dari Asam Lemak Minyak Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.). Jurnal Riset Kimia, 13(1), 89-99.

[29] Prianto, J., Said, M., Faizal, M., Hartawan, R. A., Juwita, M., & Rosdiana, F. (2022). Sintesis Poliol sebagai Senyawa Intermediate pada Pembuatan Biolubricant dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Teknik Kimia (JTK), 28(2), 68-75.

[30] Gala, S. (2011). Sintesa Poliol dari Minyak Sawit dengan Reaksi Epoksidasi dan Hidroksilasi. Jurnal Chemica, 12(2), 36-43.

[31] Ifa, L. (2011). Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Pembuatan Poliol dari Gliserol. Jurnal Teknologi & Industri, 9(1), 246-254.

[32] Rahmani, A. E. (2025). Bio-polyol Production from Sunflower Oil Influencing Structure and Properties by Geographical Origin and Nucleophiles. Industrial Crops & Products.

[33] Christophe. (2024). Europe Patent No. 4263672B1.

[34] Burdeniuc. (2004). United States of America Patent No. 6759447B1.

[35] Rahman, I. S. (2025). Catalytic Epoxidation of Oleic Acid through In Situ Hydrolysis for Biopolyol Formation. Scientific Reports, 1-9.

[36] Aditama, A. S. (2024). Modification of Palm Oil and Oleic Acid via Epoxidation-Hydroxylation-Esterification Processes for Obtaining Improved Performance of Biolube and Thickener Components for Biogrease. EasyChair.

[37] Khafiza, S. R. (2025). Karakteristik Fisikokimia pada Minyak dan Lemak dari Sumber Nabati Hewan. Karimah Tauhid.

[38] Nasruddin. (2021). Penggunaan Toluen Diisocyanate untuk Pembuatan Busa pada Komposit Karet Alam dengan Karet Butadiene Nitrile. Jurnal Dinamika Penelitian Industri, 31(2), 134-144.

[39] Jamal, N. F. (2026). Curing Analysis of Lignin Reinforced Polyurethane by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, 254-260.

[40] Maamoun, A. A. (2024). Effect of Density and Thickness of Flexible Polyurethane Foam on the Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators. RSC Advances, 6132-6144.

[41] Susanti, & Oktaria, S. (2011). Pengaruh Penambahan Polioksietilen Glikol 1000 dalam Sintesis Busa Poliuretan dari Minyak Jarak, Air, dan Toluena Diisosianat sebagai Bahan Isolator Panas. Jurnal Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 1(1), 1-10.

[42] Rizky, M., Faradilla, F., & Mariani. (2025). Analisis Pengaruh Penambahan Polietilen Glikol (PEG) terhadap Karakteristik Bioplastik Berbasis Nira Aren (Arenga pinnata). Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Pangan, 10(6), 9039-9054.

[43] Ivdre, A. A.-M. (2020). Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Various Isocyanate Indices Based on Polyols from Rapeseed Oil and Waste PET. Polymers, 12, 738.

[44] Kirpluks, M. V. (2020). High Functionality Bio-Polyols from Tall Oil and Rigid Polyurethane Foams Formulated Solely Using Bio-Polyols. Polymers, 12, 1985.

[45] Borowicz, M. P.-S. (2019). Biodegradable, Flame-Retardant, and Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams for Thermal Insulation Application. Polymers, 11, 1816.

[46] Amran, U. M. (2021). Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes. Polymers, 13, 3072.

[47] Olszewski, A. K. (2022). Comprehensive Investigation of Stoichiometry-Structure-Performance Relationships in Flexible Polyurethane Foams. Polymers, 14, 3813.

[48] Olszewski, A. K. (2022). The Impact of Isocyanate Index and Filler Functionalities on the Performance of Flexible Foamed Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites. Polymers, 14, 5558.

[49] Negim, E. K. (2016). The Effect of TDI, PTMG and DMPA on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Dispersion Containing Aromatic Isocyanate. International Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 68-72.

[50] Fauzi, N. N. (2026). A Comparative Analysis of the Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Industrial vs. Green Polyurethane as Grouting Materials. Trends in Sciences, 1-20.

[51] Nandiyanto, A. B., Oktiani, R., & Ragadhita, R. (2019). How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material. Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology, 4(1), 97-118.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.