Effect of Crude Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil Blend Composition and Stirring Speed on Biodiesel Yield During Transesterification Using KOH Catalyst
How to cite (AJARCDE) :
The growing demand for energy and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves have accelerated the development of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel has emerged as a promising alternative because it can be produced from renewable feedstocks while reducing environmental impacts. This study investigated the effects of the composition of the crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) blend, as well as stirring speed, on biodiesel yield and fuel properties during alkaline transesterification using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyst. Five feedstock compositions consisting of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (CPO:WCO) were evaluated at stirring speeds of 400 and 600 rpm. The transesterification process was carried out at 60°C for 60 min using a methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 1 wt.% KOH catalyst. Biodiesel products were characterized based on yield, density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, calorific value, cetane number, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrated that both feedstock composition and stirring speed significantly affected biodiesel production. Increasing the proportion of waste cooking oil improved biodiesel yield, while increasing stirring speed enhanced mass transfer between methanol and oil, leading to higher conversion efficiency. The highest biodiesel yield of 80% was obtained at a CPO:WCO ratio of 25:75 with a stirring speed of 600 rpm. The produced biodiesel exhibited density, viscosity, acid value, calorific value, and cetane number within the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182:2015). GC-MS analysis confirmed a FAME content of 79.18%, indicating effective transesterification. These findings demonstrate that optimizing feedstock composition and mixing intensity can improve biodiesel production efficiency while promoting the utilization of waste cooking oil as a sustainable renewable energy resource.
Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
SDG 13: Climate Action
[1] Singh, D., Sharma, D., Soni, S. L., Sharma, S., Kumari, D., & Sharma, P. K. (2021). A comprehensive review of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil and its use as fuel in compression ignition engines: 3rd generation cleaner feedstock. Journal of Cleaner Production, 307, 127299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127299
[2] Abdullah, B., Ong, H. C., Nanda, S., & Lin, C. S. K. (2021). Current status and prospects of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 139, 110675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110675
[3] Gui, M. M., Lee, K. T., & Bhatia, S. (2008). Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy, 33(11), 1646-1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.06.002
[4] Leung, D. Y. C., Wu, X., & Leung, M. K. H. (2010). A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Applied Energy, 87(4), 1083-1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.006
[5] Helwani, Z., Othman, M. R., Aziz, N., Kim, J., & Fernando, W. J. N. (2009). Technology review: Biodiesel production from oils and fats by catalytic transesterification. Applied Catalysis A: General, 363(1-2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.05.021
[6] Atadashi, I. M., Aroua, M. K., Abdul Aziz, A. R., & Sulaiman, N. M. N. (2012). Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 3275-3285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.063
[7] Atabani, A. E., Silitonga, A. S., Badruddin, I. A., Mahlia, T. M. I., Masjuki, H. H., & Mekhilef, S. (2012). A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(4), 2070-2093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003
[8] Knothe, G. (2005). Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters. Fuel Processing Technology, 86(10), 1059-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.002
[9] Knothe, G., Krahl, J., & Van Gerpen, J. (2010). The Biodiesel Handbook (2nd ed.). Urbana: AOCS Press.
[10] Ma, F., & Hanna, M. A. (1999). Biodiesel production: A review. Bioresource Technology, 70(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
[11] Demirbas, A. (2009). Biodiesel: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel Engines. London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-995-8
[12] Mehta, P. S., & Anand, K. (2009). Estimation of lower heating value of vegetable oil and biodiesel fuel. Energy & Fuels, 23(8), 3893-3898. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900196r
[13] Moser, B. R. (2009). Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 45(3), 229-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-009-9204-z
[14] Gopinath, A., Sairam, K., Velraj, R., & Kumaresan, G. (2015). Effects of the properties and the structural configurations of fatty acid methyl esters on the properties of biodiesel fuel: A review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 229(3), 357-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407014541103
[15] Paul, E. L., Atiemo-Obeng, V. A., & Kresta, S. M. (2004). Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
[16] Ameur, H. (2021). Hydrodynamics and mixing characteristics in stirred tanks equipped with baffles: A review. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 24(4), 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.12.005
[17] Kumaresan, T., Nere, N. K., & Joshi, J. B. (2005). Effect of internals on flow pattern and mixing in stirred tanks. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44(26), 9951-9961. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0503848
[18] Pukkella, A. K., Vysyaraju, R., Tammishetti, V., Rai, B., & Subramanian, S. (2019). Improved mixing of solid suspensions in stirred tanks with interface baffles: CFD simulation and experimental validation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 358, 621-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.020
[19] Tunjungsari, R., Wijayanti, W., & Nugroho, G. (2020). Produksi biodiesel dari campuran minyak sawit dan minyak jelantah melalui proses transesterifikasi. Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia dan Lingkungan, 15(2), 91-99.
[20] Abdullah, M. H., Riyanto, O. A. W., & Puspita, D. (2021). Optimization of esterification and transesterification processes for biodiesel production from used cooking oil. Journal of Research and Technology, 7(2), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.55732/jrt.v7i2.432
[21] Cerón Ferrusca, M., Romero, R., Martínez, S. L., Ramírez-Serrano, A., & Natividad, R. (2023). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A perspective on catalytic processes. Processes, 11(7), 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071952
[22] Farouk, S. M., Tayeb, A. M., Abdel-Hamid, S. M. S., et al. (2024). Recent advances in transesterification for sustainable biodiesel production, challenges, and prospects: A comprehensive review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 12722-12747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32027-4
[23] Suzihaque, M. U. H., Alwi, H., Ibrahim, U. K., Abdullah, S., & Haron, N. (2022). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A brief review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 63, S490-S495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.527
[24] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2015). SNI 7182:2015 Biodiesel. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
[25] Van Gerpen, J., Shanks, B., Pruszko, R., Clements, D., & Knothe, G. (2004). Biodiesel Production Technology. Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.